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The Treaty of Kiel (Norwegian: ''Kieltraktaten'') or Peace of Kiel (Norwegian: ''Kielfreden'' or ''freden i Kiel'') was concluded between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Sweden on one side and the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway on the other side on 14 January 1814 in Kiel.〔Schäfer (2002), p. 137〕 It ended the hostilities between the parties in the ongoing Napoleonic Wars, where the United Kingdom and Sweden were part of the anti-French camp (the Sixth Coalition) while Denmark-Norway was allied to Napoleon Bonaparte.〔 Frederick VI of Denmark joined the anti-French alliance, ceded Heligoland to George III of the United Kingdom, and further ceded most of the Kingdom of Norway to Charles XIII of Sweden in return for Swedish Pomerania.〔 Specifically excluded from the exchange were the Norwegian dependencies of Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands, which remained in the union with Denmark.〔Dörr (2004), p. 103〕 Norway unsuccessfully contested the Danish claim to all of Greenland in the East Greenland case of 1931–1933.〔Cavell (2008), pp. 433ff〕 However, not all provisions of the treaty would come into force. Norway declared its independence, adopted a Constitution and elected Danish Prince Christian Frederik as its own king. Sweden therefore refused to hand over Swedish Pomerania, which instead passed to Prussia after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. After a short war with Sweden, Norway accepted entering into a personal union with Sweden at the Convention of Moss. ==Background== In the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden tried to maintain neutrality,〔Olesen (2008), p. 285〕 but soon became involved in the fighting joining opposite camps. Swedish king Gustav IV Adolf entered an alliance with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Russian Empire against Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804, and declared war on Napoleonic France in 1805.〔 The United Kingdom, which had declared war on France in 1803, paid subsidies to Sweden.〔 Before Gustav IV Adolf marched his forces out of Swedish Pomerania, a province long coveted by Prussia, he negotiated an agreement that Prussia would not attack it.〔 Denmark remained neutral.〔 In 1807, Napoleonic forces seized Swedish Pomerania and forced Prussia and Russia to sign the Treaty of Tilsit.〔Olesen (2008), p. 287〕 Russia was therein obliged to attack Napoleon's enemies, and since Gustav IV Adolf refused to break his alliance with the United Kingdom, the tsar invaded Finland and severed it from Sweden in the Finnish War, 1808/1809.〔 Sweden could no longer uphold her anti-French foreign policy, and French Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte was elected heir to the Swedish throne in 1810.〔 Denmark-Norway entered an alliance with France after the second British bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807.〔Olesen (2008), p. 289〕 In 1812, Napoleon's forces were decimated in their failed attempt to subdue Russia, and started their westward retreat.〔Büsch (1992), p. 39〕 Sweden allied with Russia on 30 August 1812, with the United Kingdom on 3 March 1813,〔Diplomatisches Handbuch: Sammlung der wichtigsten europaeischen Friedensschluesse, Congressacten und sonstigen Staatsurkunden, vom westphaelischen Frieden bis auf die neueste Zeit, Band 2, Friedrich Wilhelm Ghillany, C.H. Beck, 1855.〕 and with Prussia on 22 April 1813.〔Büsch (1992), p. 60〕 Previously, on 23 March 1813, she had declared war on Napoleon.〔 Bernadotte's condition for entering the anti-Napoleonic alliance was the gain of Norway, which the United Kingdom and Russia accepted in May 1813.〔 Prussia however did not acknowledge this claim at first.〔 Thus, Bernadotte hesitated to enter the war with full force,〔 and only engaged in a campaign against Hamburg which on 30 June was re-conquered by allied French and Danish forces.〔Büsch (1992), p. 61〕 When Prussia finally accepted the Swedish claim to Norway on 22 July, Sweden joined the alliance of Reichenbach concluded between Russia, the United Kingdom and Prussia on 14/15 June.〔 With three armies (North, Main and Silesian, the Northern army under Bernadotte's command), the allies subsequently cleared Northern Germany of French forces.〔Büsch (1992), pp. 61ff〕 Denmark, who had maintained the alliance with Napoleon because of the Swedish claim to Norway,〔 was isolated and, as a consequence of the war, bankrupt.〔Cranshaw (2007), p. 22〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treaty of Kiel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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